# Table of Contents - [**Citation**](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/662) - [**Summary**](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/books/whats-new-in-primer-8/chapter/summary) - [Introduction](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/950) - [New Statistical Methods in P8](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/952) - [New Tools & Utilities in P8](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/953) - [**1. Expanded summary statistics**](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/books/whats-new-in-primer-8/chapter/1-expanded-summary-statistics) - [1.1 Expansion from P7 to P8](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/955) - [1.2 Definitions of statistics](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/957) - [1.3 Biotic data: summary stats](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/958) - [1.4 Split summary stats results by groups](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/959) - [1.5 Environmental data: summary stats](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/960) - [**2. Empirical distributions**](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/books/whats-new-in-primer-8/chapter/2-empirical-distributions) - [2.1 What is an empirical distribution?](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1020) - [2.2 Example: Empirical distributions of oyster sizes](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1021) - [**3. Dot plots and Violin plots**](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/books/whats-new-in-primer-8/chapter/3-dot-plots-and-violin-plots) - [3.1 Plots of empirical densities](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1022) - [3.2 Example: Dotplot of oyster sizes](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1023) - [3.3 Example: Violin plot of kelp holdfast volumes](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1024) - [**4. Univariate non-parametric methods**](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/books/whats-new-in-primer-8/chapter/4-univariate-non-parametric-methods) - [4.1 Wilcoxon signed-rank test](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/961) - [4.2 Example: Plankton hauls](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/967) - [4.3 Mann-Whitney U test](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/962) - [4.4 Example: Snapper in marine reserves](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/968) - [4.5 Kruskal-Wallis test](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/963) - [4.6 Example: A bivalve species from Ekofisk](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/969) - [4.7 Kolmogorov-Smirnov test](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/964) - [4.8 Example: Sizes of oysters](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/970) - [4.9 Test of Association](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/965) - [4.10 Example: Ekofisk diversity](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1018) - [4.11 Example: Associations between species](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1019) - [**5. New PERMANOVA Design file**](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/books/whats-new-in-primer-8/chapter/5-new-permanova-design-file) - [Overview of new 'Design' options and tools](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1025) - [**6. Allow heterogeneous dispersions in PERMANOVA**](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/books/whats-new-in-primer-8/chapter/6-allow-heterogeneous-dispersions-in-permanova) - [6.1 Overview - Allow heterogeneity](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1034) - [6.2 ANOVA in a nutshell](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1026) - [6.3 The Behrens-Fisher problem (BFP)](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1027) - [6.4 Multivariate Behrens-Fisher problem](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1028) - [6.5 Solutions to the multivariate BFP](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1032) - [6.6 Example: one-way PERMANOVA allowing heterogeneity](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1029) - [6.7 Heterogeneity in more complex designs](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1033) - [6.8 Example: two-way crossed PERMANOVA allowing heterogeneity](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1030) - [**7. Finite factors**](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/books/whats-new-in-primer-8/chapter/7-finite-factors) - [7.1 Overview - Finite factors](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1036) - [7.2 Dichotomy: fixed vs random factors](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1035) - [7.3 Not a dichotomy: a progression from fixed to random](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1037) - [7.4 Example: environmental impact on molluscs](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1038) - [7.5 Broader implications for detecting impact](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1039) - [**8. Specifying Subject/Whole-plot error in PERMANOVA**](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/books/whats-new-in-primer-8/chapter/8-specify-subjectwhole-plot-error-in-permanova) - [8.1 Designs lacking replication](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1040) - [8.2 Example: Split-plot - Woodstock vegetation](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1042) - [8.3 Example: Repeated measures - Victorian avifauna](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1041) - [**9. Group covariates**](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/books/whats-new-in-primer-8/chapter/9-group-covariates) - [9.1 Why group covariables together?](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1043) - [9.2 Periodic and cyclical models](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1044) - [9.3 Example: Annual monthly cycles - B.C. macroalgae](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1045) - [**10. Centroid plots**](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/books/whats-new-in-primer-8/chapter/10-centroid-plots) - [10.1 Ordinations for multi-factor designs](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1046) - [10.2 Main effects plot](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1047) - [10.3 Interaction plot](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1048) - [10.4 Example: NZ fish assemblages](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1049) - [**11. Residual distances**](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/books/whats-new-in-primer-8/chapter/11-residual-distances) - [11.1 What are 'residual' distances?](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1050) - [11.2 Example: Plankton (revisited)](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1051) - [**12. Control charts**](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/books/whats-new-in-primer-8/chapter/12-control-charts) - [12.1 Overview - Control charts](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1054) - [12.2 Classical univariate control chart](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1055) - [12.3 Classical multivariate control chart](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1056) - [12.4 Bivariate normal example: NZ fish](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1057) - [12.5 Dissimilarity-based multivariate control chart](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1058) - [12.6 Additional notes on implementing control charts](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1059) - [12.7 Example: Birds from Grand Forks](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1060) - [**13. New standardisation options**](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/books/whats-new-in-primer-8/chapter/13-new-standardisation-options) - [13.1 Overview](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1061) - [13.2 Analysing cumulative standardised data](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1062) - [13.3 Example: Mussel sizes in the Gulf of Alaska](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1063) - [13.4 Example: Gulf of Maine invertebrates - functional resemblance](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1064) - [**14. Create ordered groups**](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/books/whats-new-in-primer-8/chapter/14-create-ordered-groups) - [14.1 Overview](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1065) - [14.2 Example: NE Pacific groundfish vs depth](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1066) - [**15. Other new tools & utilities**](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/books/whats-new-in-primer-8/chapter/15-other-new-tools-utilities) - [15.1 New default colour palette](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1067) - [15.2 New selection options](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1068) - [15.3 Re-name levels of a factor (or indicator)](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1069) - [15.4 Add customised values/labels to graphical axes](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1070) - [15.5 Split data sheet by factor/indicator](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1071) - [15.6 Line plots for samples](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1072) - [15.7 Output group-level stats from dispersion (or variability) weighting](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1074) - [15.8 Output diagnostic plots from CAP](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1075) - [15.9 New diagnostics for PCA/PCO plots](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1076) - [**16. Means plots**](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/books/whats-new-in-primer-8/chapter/16-means-plots) - [16.1 A plot of means with error bars](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1135) - [16.2 Example: Fal biota (one-way case)](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1136) - [16.3 Example: Okura macrofauna (two-way nested case)](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1137) - [16.4 Example: Leschenault fish (two-way crossed case)](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1138) - [16.5 Example: New Zealand snapper (three-way case)](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/link/1139) - [**References**](https://learninghub.primer-e.com/books/whats-new-in-primer-8/page/references)