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This online resource gives a quick guide to get you up and running with PRIMER 7 software, with or without the PERMANOVA+ add-on. It is maintained for historical continuity. For the best up-to-date information and to get up and running using PRIMER 8, please s...

Welcome to the PRIMER-e Learning Hub! Latest Resources: What's New in PRIMER 8 Get Started with PRIMER 8 Managing Your PRIMER 8 Installation Managing Your PRIMER 8 Subscription Books: Should I Use PRIMER or R? Change in Marine Communities ...

Overview A plot of the means (or averages) for groups of samples, with error bars capturing some aspect of each group’s variability, is an important tool in univariate data analysis. For example, one may use PERMANOVA to do univariate analysis of variance on a...

Let's look at an example of a means plot for a one-way case using biotic data ($p$ = 131 taxa) from the Fal estuary. The data consist of counts of organisms living in benthic sediments obtained from $n$ = 5-7 sites in each of 5 creeks running into the Fal estu...

Let's look at a means plot where we have a two-way nested design. We will examine data consisting of counts of benthic macrofauna from intertidal sites in the Okura estuary, located north of Auckland, New Zealand (). Hydrodynamic models were used to identify ...

An example of a two-way crossed design is provided by a study of trawl samples for fish communities (using a 21.5m seine net) from 4 regions - basal (B), lower (L), upper (U), and apex (A) - occurring between the mouth and upper reaches of the Leschenault estu...

The Means Plot procedure in PRIMER 8 will operate just as other univariate plots do (such as histograms and dotplots) in that multiple plots will be produced - one for each variable - if there are multiple variables in the original spreadsheet. However, means ...